DIABETES MELLITUS

Types of Diabetes:

• Type 1 Diabetes: Caused by the attack or destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, which is an autoimmune condition. It is often linked to genetic factors that impair insulin function.
• Type 2 Diabetes: Characterized by insulin resistance—which means body cells do not respond effectively to insulin—and reduced insulin secretion. Contributing factors include hormonal imbalances, age, inactivity, poor diet, and obesity. It can also be influenced by certain medications and infections.
• Gestational Diabetes: A temporary condition that occurs during pregnancy, leading to high blood sugar levels that usually resolve after childbirth but may increase the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.

• Family History: Can increase the chance of diabetes, especially Type 1.
• Autoimmune Response : Attacking the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas results in Type 1 DM.
• Environmental Triggers: Viral infections and other environmental factors may initiate the autoimmune response that leads to Type 1 diabetes.
• Insulin Resistance: The body’s cells become less responsive to insulin, making it difficult for glucose to enter cells and resulting in high blood sugar levels. This is often associated with obesity and physical inactivity.
• Beta Cell Dysfunction: Over time, the pancreas may fail to produce enough insulin to meet the body's demands due to prolonged insulin resistance.
• Hormonal Factors: Hormones produced by fat tissue can affect insulin sensitivity and contribute to Type 2 diabetes.
• Age: The risk of developing Type 2 diabetes increases with age, especially after 45, as the body’s ability to utilize insulin efficiently may decline.
• Lifestyle Factors : Obesity, especially excess visceral fat, can result in insulin resistance. A sedentary lifestyle and poor dietary choices also contribute to this condition.

Other Contributing Factors

• Gestational Diabetes: Women who experience high blood sugar levels during pregnancy are at increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.
• Medications: Certain medications can interfere with insulin action or glucose metabolism, potentially leading to diabetes.
• Hormonal Disorders: Conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and Cushing's syndrome can also contribute to the development of diabetes.